Mb0041-Financial and Management Accounting-4 Credits Free Essays

Bookkeeping ideas: Accounting is the language of business. Bookkeeping data must be appropriately recorded grouped, summed up and introduced. Bookkeepers receive the accompanying ideas in recording of records 1. We will compose a custom article test on Mb0041-Financial and Management Accounting-4 Credits or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Business Entity idea The specialty unit is treated as a different and unmistakable from the people who owe it.Hence business exchanges must be kept totally separate from the hidden issues of the proprietor this idea empowers the proprietor top learn the image of a business. 2. Going concern idea It is expected that the business will exist for the future and exchanges are recorded starting here of view. A firm is supposed to be a going concern when there is neither the goal nor the need to wrap up its activity. As it were, it proceeds to activity at its current scale in not so distant. 3. Cash Measurement Concept All exchanges are communicated and deciphered as far as money.Accounting records just those exchange, which are being communicated in financial terms through quantitative records are additionally kept. 4. Bookkeeping period idea A business is expected to proceed uncertainly. So as to learn the situation of the business at various stretches we need to pick the spans for discovering the money related position and operational outcomes at each such span, which is known as bookkeeping period. 5. Double Aspect idea Each exchange has two angles. 1) Debit viewpoint. 2) Credit perspective. In the event that a business has obtained an advantage it must have result,There has been a benefit prompting an expansion in the sum that the business owes to the owner Accounting Principles: The twofold section arrangement of bookkeeping depends on a lot of standard which is called proper accounting rules. It fuses the agreement at a specific time as to: †¢Which monetary assets and commitments ought to be recorded as resources and liabilities by money related bookkeeping, †¢Which changes in resources and liabilities ought to be recorded †¢When these progressions are to be recorded, †¢How the benefits and liabilities and changes in them ought to be estimated, †¢What data ought to be uncovered and Which budget summary ought to be readied. Q . 2 Pass Journal sections for the accompanying exchanges. Arrangement: Journal DateParticulars LfDebitCredit Cash A/C Dr To capital A/C (Being Madan put resources into business) Purchase A/c Dr To money A/C (Being credit buys) Drawing A/C Dr To money A/C (Being money pulled back for individual use) Purchase A/C Dr To money A/C (Being money purchase)Wages A/C Dr To money A/C (Being compensation paid)70000 14000 3000 12000 5000 70000 14000 3000 12000 5000 Q. 3Explain the different sorts of blunders unveiled by preliminary parity Ans: Those mistakes that can be uncovered by preliminary parity can without much of a stretch be found. When the preliminary parity doesn't count, the bookkeeper can continue to discover the spots where the mistakes may have been submitted. The aggregate sum of distinction in the preliminary parity is briefly moved to a â€Å"Suspense Account â€Å"so that it tends to be moderated as and when the blunder get rectified.Therefore the anticipation account get char ged or credited as the case might be on correction of these sorts of mistake. Coming up next are blunders: a) Posting an off-base sum; This mix-up may happen while posting a section from auxiliary book to record. b) Posting to an inappropriate side of a record: This blunder is submitted while posting sections from auxiliary book to record. c) Wrong totalling: Both under throwing and over throwing are distinguished by preliminary parity. in the event that any record is wrongly totalled, it gets reflected in the preliminary equalization. ) Omitting to post a passage from auxiliary book to record: If a section made in the auxiliary book doesn't get presented on record, the preliminary equalization doesn't count. e)Omission of a record through and through from being I appeared in preliminary parity. f) Posting an add up to a right record more than once; This outcome is lopsidedness in preliminary equalization. g) Posting a thing to a similar side of two distinctive record accounts: If two records are charged/credited for a similar exchange, this sort of mistake happens. Q. 4 From the accompanying adjusts removed from trail balance, get ready exchanging Account. Arrangement: The end stock toward the finish of the period is Rs. 6000 TRADING ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDINGâ€â€ Dr Particulars Rs Cr Particulars Rs To stock on 1-1-200470700 To buy 102000 (- ) Returns Outwards 3000 99000By deals 250000 (- )Returns Inwards 3000 247000 To carriage inwards5000By shutting stock56000 To import duty6000 To clearing charges7000 To Royalty10000 To Fire Insurance2000 To Wages8000 To Gas,electricity,water4000 To GROSS PROFIT91300 TOTAL303000TOTAL303000 Q. 5Differentiate Financial Accounting and the board bookkeeping. Ans: S. NoBasis of differenceFinancial accountingManagement Accounting 1. . 3. 4. 5. 6. Item Nature Subject issue Compulsion Precision ReportingTo record different exchange so as to know the budgetary position. It is useful to investors, loan bosses, financiers and so forth. It is fundamentally worried about the chronicled information. It is worried about surveying the consequences of the entire business. It is necessary in specific endeavors Actual figures are recorded and there is no space for utilizing rough figures It is set up to discover benefit and money related situation of the worry. It is helpful for outcasts. To help the administration in figuring approaches and plans.It manages the projection of information for what's to come. It manages various units, Department and cost focuses. It isn't obligatory No worker is given to real figures. the estimated figures are more helpful than the specific figures It is just for inner use. Q. 6 Following is the Balance sheet of M/s Srinivas Ltd. you are required to set up a store stream articulation. Instructions to refer to Mb0041-Financial and Management Accounting-4 Credits, Papers

Kroger American Retailer

Question: Make a rundown of the means you would take and the procedures you would set up to distinguish the quality and conveyance principles to which groups ought to hold fast and to screen and oversee group execution with the goal that it reliably meets authoritative quality and conveyance gauges. Against what rules may you measure execution and what move would you make if execution didn't satisfy the recognized guidelines? Transfer your response for evaluation. Answer: Outer Customer Requirements Kroger is an American retailer that is the biggest grocery store chain by its incomes just as the second biggest general retailer. In light of the business arranging procedures of Kroger, this report examines and evaluates the prerequisites of the clients in their procedures (Jolibert, 2012). The organization picks items that are being inquired about to set up the necessities of the clients as far as quality, time just as details of cost. The administration of the organization regulates a marketable strategy that absolutely centers around the administrations of the clients. This report likewise sums up the procedures to their representatives to distinguish both quality and conveyance principles. It screens the exhibition of the group and takes potential activities to meet the client's prerequisites. At last, a poll is readied that acquire the criticism of the clients so as to improve the arrangement of their items. Examining the requirements of clients in the arranging forms Knowing and understanding the requirements of the clients is the focal point of fruitful business. It is required to recognize the potential just as existing clients those are purchasing the items from their stores. The requests of the clients are expanding every once in a while because of progress in the administration quality with separation of items (Addas and Pinsonneault, 2014). Viable consumer loyalty leads long haul relationship with the clients and it makes a faithfulness through its rehashing buy just as suggestions that help the organization to extend the piece of the overall industry just as its position. Administration Quality: Customer needs are accomplished by improving the nature of administration. It is estimated by the administration level dependent on the mentalities, for example, the office format, show of the items, its expense and the correct marking (Briggs, 2012). Different variables are the area of the store, holding up time, activity hours, line the executives, conveyance time and other extra administrations, for example, stopping, faithfulness cards just as product quality. Value: The clients are wanted to purchase standard items at the most reduced costs. Hence, they shop from the market that offers the most minimal costs just as gives the sensible scope of items to their clients (Ryding, Campaniolo and Carey, 2014). The clients have unique tastes, for example, need to purchase reasonable exchange items just as natural nourishments. Marking, naming and bundling of item: The clients are worried about the item just as its auxiliary highlights, for example, the bundles and its administrations. The hues utilized on the names just as bundles are alluring to the purchaser. Every one of the things is marked independently and it is there ought to be a language of naming (Chen et al. 2012). The item should be named with the language that is spoken by the nation's clients. As, a grain box with an image of US competitor makes another look and it will be alluring to the abroad clients. Recognizable proof of item and client desires regarding quality, time and cost particulars At the hour of offering natural items to the clients, there ought to be a reasonable in what is being conveyed dependent on the nature of the items. The nature of the administration is what is being publicized. While selling items just as administrations, the organization guarantees that the arranged ought to be conveyed on schedule and provided to the buyer on the time. Time the executives is one of the keys to keeping great clients. The cost of the items should be serious in the market (Dandira, 2011). In this way, the clients look around just as in the event that it isn't adjusted, at that point it won't get the clients according to their desires. These are three components adjusts if the way to having steady client stream. Coming up next are the three components of client desires: Quality: Kroger that delivers the natural items have the test to guarantee their clients the security and quality all through their entire evolved way of life advertise. Few clients are eager to follow through on greater expenses for these items dependent on its quality just as item wellbeing. The nature of the natural items guarantees their clients that it contains no such food fixing that has subject to illumination just as adjusted living beings are barred from its creation (Pasquier and Villeneuve, 2012). The client expects that the level of fat in the item is less. The client picks natural items dependent on cell content in the milk, starch content in the potatoes and size of meat. Time: Customers expect for auspicious conveyance of their items and they expect what they have requested. They are additionally expecting a sensible merchandise exchange of their items when it can't address the issues (Bouzaabia, Bouzaabia and Capatina, 2013). The organization should utilize an anticipated innovation for their conveyance administrations, for example, it gives the clients with a promised one-hour schedule opening in which the clients can change the conveyance goal when they are not at home. Cost: The client expected that the food part offers different items at various value focuses. It offers a center just as top of the line cost with different alternatives (Gronroos and Gummerus, 2014). The clients are relied upon to pay for the thing that is worth significant just as worth of the time, exertion just as pay. In this way, the clients expect that the estimations of the items are associated with the cost. The advertisers are comprised of gatherings of clients with different arrangements of desires on the items just as client benefits that they need to buy. Advertising focused organizations are completed research on the prerequisites of the clients to guarantee that they give the items that best meet the desires for clients in the significant market section. Oversight of field-tested strategy and significance of field-tested strategy dependent on client care A marketable strategy is an explanation that centers around the business objectives and targets, the reasons why they are accepted to be feasible just as blueprints the methodologies that are followed to arrive at the business objectives for example short just as long haul objectives. Administrator: Our Company must have a field-tested strategy that centers around the administrations of the client. It is being seen that 70 percent of the buyers need to leave a business just as purchase another business selling indistinguishable merchandise from well as administrations on the off chance that they are feeling that they have gotten poor client support (Oliveira and Gimeno, 2014). As our organizations are endeavoring to be fruitful, along these lines we can't ready to lose clients over poor client assistance. Clients are significant for our association as our items are subject to the consumer loyalty's. Representative 1: Based on the client support, what are the significant focuses that we ought to make sure to accomplish the consumer loyalty? Chief: As our business is offering natural items to the clients, from the outset, we should be worry about the nature of the items and consider wellbeing and security our clients. It assists with giving the two incomes just as the conviction of our business (Jayawardhena and Farrell, 2011). In the event that our organizations can't create client steadfastness, at that point we will lose our clients. In this way, an appropriate strategy is required to extend our business in the commercial center. Representative 2: What are the potential techniques to design a business so as to accomplish client care? Supervisor: at the outset, we need an idea introduction plan that comprises of the business idea, standards, directed market, and results of our organization. Indeed, even this arrangement can't comprise of any money related projections. We will attempt to make our specific help that goes far so as to keep clients faithful. Our marketable strategy requires rethinking the estimating methodology of our item to meet client's objectives. For premium clients, we ought to need to convey the top notch level of administrations that is better than the contenders. We should attempt to raise the value levels and the advantage is that we can dispense an ever increasing number of assets so as to make astonishing encounters that make the clients fulfilled. Our business is arranged so that the clients are dealt with like a chief and we should concentrate on estimating the consumer loyalty. We should manufacture client faithfulness so as to build the consumer loyalty (Kursunluoglu, 2014). Besides, uncommon preparing ought to be given to the workers with the goal that they can get how to study the clients in the correct manner. The best possible marketable strategy gives an investigation of the business income, its cost just as unsurprising benefits. Utilizing the strategy, the new workers can realize what the organization is about and acquaint the representatives with providers and merchants (Peter and Donnelly, 2013). In this manner, without the strategy, we can lose our clients because of a low quality conveyance of items just as administrations as it will prior figure how the business will run. Steps and Processes to distinguish the quality and conveyance principles by which the group can deal with the group execution It is very conceivable to screen just as deal with the presentation by defining objectives and plans. At the point when the objectives are being upheld by the plans, at that point it is most likely to assist the group with meeting their objectives, for example, conveying standard characteristics to the clients. The colleagues ought to be clear about the activities that they have to take to meet with busin

Description of Telescopes essays

Portrayal of Telescopes papers Telescopes are one of the primary ways that stargazers investigate the universe. They come in all shapes and sizes relying upon their capacity. For the most part, greater telescopes are better on the off chance that you need to see swoon, far-away things, since they can assemble all the more light and have better goals. Goals is the capacity of a telescope to recognize questions near one another; for instance, the capacity to obviously isolate two stars that are near one another or the capacity to see littler cavities on the Moon. The gamma beams are the most impressive kind of radiation, found toward the start of the century as radioactive substance emanations. Like the light, the gamma beams are comprised by photons, particles of light, with the distinction that a gamma photon has in excess of a million, even a great many million of times more vitality that a photon of obvious light. By their high vitality these photons enter lead plates, and to create them in the Earth we required subatomic molecule quickening agents: when quickened, these particles can deliver gamma beams when hitting different particles that fill in as target. In similar to frame, the divine gamma beam sources must quicken subatomic particles and make them influence an objective. An option is that the quickened particles transmit gamma beams within the sight of an electromagnetic field. Regardless, the gamma radiation discharge obeys to various procedures that are require to transmit obvious light. Investigations of cosmic items in high vitality X-beams and gamma beams started in the mid 1960s. Albeit high elevation inflatables and rockets can give X-beam and gamma beam information, the best outcomes originate from satellites circling totally outside the Earths climate. X-beam telescope mirrors are covered with gold or different metals. The mirrors have shallow points of reflection since X-beams are so short they just reflect at edges practically corresponding to the beams themselves. At more extreme mirror edges the beams won&ap... <!

Language Usage in the Catcher in the Rye Essay Example For Students

Language Usage in the Catcher in the Rye Essay The entry of puberty has since quite a while ago filled in as the focal topic for some books, yet The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, has caught the vitality of this time of life by sensationalizing Holden Caulfields to some degree disgusting language and passionate responses. The Catcher in the Rye manages an insightful yet befuddled adolescent kid battling to see the validity in the public arena. During his encounters, Holden will in general utilize simple, characteristic, yet questionable language to help express what is on his mind in a successful way. Accordingly, the subjects and messages Salinger endeavors to get across show up increasingly common and credible, as though one was conversing with Holden himself. Albeit apparently wrong for society, the language utilized in all through the novel is fitting for the character. At the hour of the novel through today, Holdens discourse sounds valid to the conversational discourse of young people, which incorporates both basic portrayal and reviling. For instance, Holden says, Quite interesting what not. (Pg. 83), alluding to the cabbie. This misrepresents the cab driver, inferring that Holden wouldn't really like to adulate or belittle the man. Additionally, Holden states that he won't tell his entire goddamn collection of memoirs or anything. (Pg. 1), which demonstrates Holdens threatening vibe directly from the beginning of the novel. The peruser can without much of a stretch get on Holdens determination and perspectives essentially from his language, which can help in characterizing the character. Holden will in general utilize decision expressions to end his sentences, for example, and all and additionally anything all through the novel. Util izing these expressions, it very well may be said that these discourse designs are character qualities since not every person utilizes them. Likewise, Holden will in general utilize the expression in the event that you need to know reality at the finish of a large number of his sentences. He feels constrained to check his announcements and demonstrate that he isn't lying, which may show a great deal of his character. Since Holden bombed out of a ton of schools and doesn't have any dear fellowships, he endeavors to set some type of correspondence by confirming to the perusers that he is, actually, coming clean. The discourse designs help individualize Holden and delivered his discourse appear to be increasingly legitimate while causing his exchange to comply with the contemporary society of the 1940s. The setting and subject in The Catcher in the Rye spin around a high school perspective. In this way, non-syntactic and profane language is again fitting in the monologs and exchanges all through the novel. During this timespan, youngsters first begin to defy authority figures and communicate all the more openly. Holdens language reflects upon these recently discovered qualities in that he reviles and once in a while utilizes legitimate English. At the hour of the novel until today, light reviling is viewed as contemporary and even to some degree adequate in the public arena. Holden appears to discover it as an outlet to discharge his dissatisfaction, seeing as his encounters change, his language does also. At the point when he is goaded and up to speed in the present circumstance, sunuvabitch and charlatan discover their way into his jargon as often as possible. Notwithstanding, when he essentially addresses the perusers as the storyteller, Holden once in a while slips into this ext raordinary type of swearing. Salinger led these discourse designs so the peruser can tell the degree and nature of Holdens outrage, offering further knowledge into his character without extensive word depictions, so as to help distinguish which kinds of circumstances make him the angriest. In general, the vernacular discourse we see from Holden Caulfield is vital with the goal for Salinger to introduce his thoughts in a productive way. With his discourse quirks, the peruser can characterize Holden as a character considerably more effectively than had the novel been written in appropriate English. The peruser can distinguish where Holden feels constrained to revile in specific circumstances and how these conditions influence him inwardly. Holden can be distinguished as a character who is uncertain of himself, taking note of the steady utilizing of on the off chance that you need to know reality, yet puts on an arrogant front, making him as fake as the characters he victimizes. The Ca tcher in the Rye, nonetheless, relies upon this language, for the novel would not be as powerful without it. Perusers would not have the option to recognize Holdens character rapidly, if by any means, in that they would not see which circumstances upset Holden more than others. Likewise, the high school point of view of the story would be lost, in that youngsters will in general utilize their decision expressions and light reviling. This would in the end transform the book into an unremarkable bit of writing that would not be half as intriguing to peruse as it is right now, despite the fact that it is to some degree controversial.Throughout the novel, some disputable language happens and some contend regarding whether it is extremely fundamental. The language, however, is very important all together for The Catcher in the Rye to be as successful and express what is on its mind. The language, non-syntactic and profane, is fitting for the time and the topic of the novel, also the prim ary character. Notwithstanding at various times disagreements about whether this language ought to be introduced, all can concur that Holdens language characterizes him as a character and the circumstances that he experiences. .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 , .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .postImageUrl , .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 , .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:hover , .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:visited , .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:active { border:0!important; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:active , .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud 387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud387588cd344d6ad1f02d9914f73f6c5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Division of Hearts Reaction Paper EssayBibliography:

The Best Present Is Presence

The Best Present Is Presence What if you could receive  only one Christmas present this year? What would it be? The answer for us is simple: time. You see, the people we care about mean much more to us than a new pair of shoes or a shiny new gadget or even a certified pre-owned  luxury  car with a huge bow on top. And yet, many of us attempt to give material items to make up for the time we dont spend with the people we love. But possessions cant ever make up for lost time. The next time someone asks you what you want for Christmas, consider responding with, Your presence is the best gift you can give me. When youre completely focused in the momentâ€"no TV, no Internet, no distractionsâ€"it makes a marked difference in the lives of the people around you. When youre fully present, your love radiates. And if youre going to give gifts this holiday season, why not give your unencumbered time and attention first? Your loved ones will be glad you did. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Transcendentalism - A Major Belief During the Early 1800s - Free Essay Example

Transcendentalism is the belief that men and women have a sense that is beyond what they can see, touch, or hear. Transcendentalists believe mostly in Individualism, Idealism, and Intuitive Thought. Individualism is a major belief of Transcendentalism. Individualism is the belief that we should have the freedom to express our ideas and thoughts. Transcendentalists believe that the freedom of individuality is very important for ones well being. The followers also believe that religion takes away the ability of self-reliance. Religion is full of rules and following what youre told, which is what Transcendentalists are against. Conformity is also what they are against. Anything that takes away your right of freedom is not accepted by this group. Individualism is one of the major parts that Transcendentalists standby. Idealism is another very important belief. Idealism is the belief in staying positive. Idealistics believe in reaching a positive goal. They are not realists either. Realists see the negative, where Idealistics do not believe that negatives even exist. Transcendentalists believe that by showing a positive attitude, you can overcome any problem you may face. A positive attitude is the best medicine in their eyes. Idealism, and all that comes with it, is very important to the Transcendentalists. Intuitive Thought is a belief of Transcendentalists that is based on your own mind. Intuitive Thought is knowledge through your instincts. Transcendentalists believe that you should always base knowledge off of your instincts. They also believe that rational thinking, is actually irrational. Trying to prove something with facts is unnecessary in their eyes, you should only rely on your intuition. Factual things are only second hand knowledge as well to Transcendentalists. They are not to be trusted. Intuitive Thought is the belief that you should only rely on your instincts. Transcendentalists believe in many things, but mainly they believe in Idealism, Intuitive Thought, and Idealism. These three things are very important to them. Without them, Transcendentalism would mean something very different. Transcendentalism, and the beliefs of Intuitive Thought, Individuality, and Idealism, were a very key part of history during the early 1800s.

Classical Elements Of The Military Essay - 1134 Words

Classical elements of our military are organizational structure, principles of organizational reward, the machine metaphor, and the theory of bureaucracy. Many theories of management have military backgrounds that date back to the beginning of history to Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Napoleon. All of these leaders became successful through their efficiency to lead, line of command, unity, and division of work. The United States Military is divided into five branches of service. The Army is the the oldest branch of the military, and focuses on defending the country and is the main fighting force of the military. The Air Force works with the Army and is in charge of all of the satellites and nuclear missiles. The Navy ensures equal freedom in the oceans around the world, and protects the interests of our nation to be free. Marine Corps are the first ones to battle, and are responsible for delivering tasks on ground, sea, and in the air. The Coast Guard is responsible for boat ing safety and rescue, law enforcement, and controlling illegal immigration (Hewes 2005). These are the building blocks behind the reason why our military is so successful and powerful. In 1775, before our nation was established as a Country, colonists were organized into miscellaneous militias with no distinct structure or organization of a unified hierarchy. George Washington recognized the missing piece to the puzzle, and how the Continental Army would conquer and win the Revolutionary War.Show MoreRelatedManagement Principle, Management Theory, and Management Practices1218 Words   |  5 Pages1 MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLE, MANAGEMENT THEORY, AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES MGMT310 American Military University Monique Outerbridge 2 Every organization utilizes different types of management techniques, practices, theories and principles. Each organization utilizes their own practices as it correlates to their organizations’ mission, goals and culture. 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Hubris Crimes in Greek Tragedy and Law

Hubris is excessive pride (or overweening pride), and is often called the pride that comes before the fall. It had serious consequences in Greek tragedy and law. The protagonist Ajax in Sophocles Ajax tragedy exhibits hubris by thinking he does not need the help of Zeus. Sophocles Oedipus exhibits hubris when he refuses to accept his fate. In Greek tragedy, hubris leads to conflict, if not punishment or death, although when Orestes,​ with  hubris, took it upon himself to revenge his father -- by killing his mother, Athena exonerated him. Aristotle discusses hubris in Rhetoric 1378b. Editor J. H. Freese notes about this passage: In Attic law hubris (insulting, degrading treatment) was a more serious offence than aikia (bodily ill-treatment). It was the subject of a State criminal prosecution ( graphà ª), aikia of a private action ( dikà ª) for damages. The penalty was assessed in court, and might even be death. It had to be proven that the defendant struck the first blow. Also Known As: Excessive pride Examples: Near the end of the Odyssey, Odysseus punishes the suitors for their hubris in his absence.

Code of Ethics for a Fictional Company - 1466 Words

Code of Ethics for Fictional Company I. Objective The objective of this study is to create a code of ethics for a fictional company. Included will be Guiding Principles and a stated Purpose of the Code along with Core Values, Training and Education, Definitions, the employees that are covered under this code of ethics, how it will be implemented and communicated as well as enforced and reported. II. Introduction The fictional company in this study is a home health care agency that sends out nursing professionals to visit patients in their homes for the purpose of assessing the patients mental and emotional state. The purpose of this company is to enable patients with mental and emotional illnesses and problems to remain home while receiving psychiatric care. 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The Artist Allan Kaprow s Work - 2785 Words

The artist Allan Kaprow reconstructed the meaning of art when he began to make art that became the antithesis of the typical paint on canvas or sculptural form and began creating environments and performances which enacted the artist’s, as well as audience participation. Kaprow’s work from the 1970s, what he referred to as Activities, further analyzed and assessed social relations and their relationship to everyday social interactions. His previous artworks in the 1960s were also dedicated to social interactions, however, the performances relied on a large group of artists and participants. In the 1970s Kaprow began isolating his scripts from the audience, aiming for more interpersonal events. By eliminating the audience, Kaprow’s work†¦show more content†¦The common thread throughout Kaprow’s work looks at human behavior, an attribute which has a long definitive history among human beings. Aside from our individualized daily routines, such as bru shing our teeth, combing our hair, getting dressed, and so forth, our behavior has been molded into unconscious activities and events which have become otherwise taken for granted. Kaprow’s Activities are performance structures, utilizing the direct life-experience from small groups of untrained participants who follow the artist’s script in a nontheatrical/non-art context. Kaprow implicitly suggests that human beings behaviors are innate and learned. Even though the participants are unfamiliar with the activity, they are capable of following a simple script in order to successfully demonstrate a performance. As Adam Smith asserts in the preface of his book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, when we observe the behavior of people, we do not simply experience events, we ascribe actions to agents; we pin some change in the environment on a person as an action and we do so because we think we see the person’s point in making the change. Smith encapsulates the ideo logy behind Kaprow’s interpersonal Activities, which is that we judge, critique, discriminate and value people based on what we (emphasis mine) individually and

Google Prediction Markets Free Essays

Part I: Briefly evaluate how Google’s Prediction Markets have worked to date. To what extent have the markets been successful or unsuccessful? 250 When the five Googlers got together to start with this project, their main objective was to launch an internal prediction market and test if crowds would make more accurate predictions than individuals’. To determine if this project was a success or not we need to determine our parameters of success. We will write a custom essay sample on Google Prediction Markets or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, we also think that the success will be correlated with the phase of the project. From the case we can see that this project is still going through its first steps, despite the system has been running for seven quarters. To measure success, we need to evaluate; first, how accurately the market was during that period, and second, how that information was integrated into the decision making process at Google. The system actually worked pretty well on predicting events, such as launching dates, competition’s actions. There are some structural constraints for e.g. no money exchanged, lack of participation, lack of diversity, etc. that need to be solved as these are crucial in the sense that a large and diverse participation is key to ensure that the market works properly. Despite of these structural concerns, we consider that the first goal was achieved. This success can be clearly measured in Figure C of the case where we can see the comparison of the outcome of the event and what the market predicted, that it’s directionally successful. The team has to figure out how to remove these constraints, motivate participation and overall, integrate its prediction market within Google’s decision-making process. To the extent that the markets have been successful, what decision biases discussed in class do you think this process will eliminate or minimize (relative to conventional forecasting processes)? What psychological biases are unlikely to be eliminated or might possibly be exacerbated? 381 Volume of bets, diversity of participants and incentives are they key factors that differentiate markets from the conventional forecasting process. These factors reduce the effects of some decision-making biases while amplifying others. Availability of information. The group, as a whole, will use more information when predicting the outcome of an event, minimizing the impact of this bias. Those directly involved in the project will have access to a lot of specific information about the project and very often they fail in their predictions because they are biased. They underestimate or ignore the impact of the information they lack. Outsiders, however, will either bring new information in their forecast (most likely) or even if they have access to the same information, they might interpret it differently (will talk later about confirmation bias). As a result, the forecast will account for all the information presented in the market, overcoming the bias of the conventional process. Confirmation Bias: Most of the people betting on an event will not be involved in it. Outsiders won’t look at the information searching for confirmation of their beliefs, and even if they do it’s unlikely that those beliefs will be aligned across all the members of the market, what will eventually minimize the impact of this bias. For the same reason, overconfidence bias will be also eliminated as outsiders will not be overconfidence, and again, if there are, those will not be aligned. (Reference: Dolores Haze’s assessment of the value of GPM). Likewise persistent of incorrect beliefs will be also eliminated. Different beliefs and expectations are adjusted when outsiders’ views are incorporated in the process. However, there are some biases that will not be eliminated. Those are, Framing the outcome. Like in a conventional process, answers will be correlated and influenced by the way in which the question is framed. However, it’s still possible that this effect will be somehow minimized. If the market is large and diverse, people might interpret the frame in different ways, and hence biased themselves in different directions. Endorsement effect. By default, the decision makers will tend to continue with what they are actually doing (if the market is not diverse enough this bias cannot be corrected, if everyone asked is in Goggle then they might be influenced by this type of bias). Under what conditions are prediction markets most likely to perform relatively well and relatively poorly? 417 Efficient functioning of prediction markets, within the context of a corporation like Google, would depend on the following three aspects: a) Volume of participants: By the nature of market-based decision-making, we would need large and diverse set of participants. Larger participation set will eliminate various biases discussed earlier. Liquidity (ability to trade) will allow participants to calibrate their bets and decisions based on new information. b) Diversity: Diversity of thought, perspective and motives within the participation set is also very important for prediction markets. Google should encourage participation from different geographies, different teams, varied level of seniority and demographics. This will create a market where participants interpret information and signals in different ways so that the collective action normalizes for any bias. This diversity will eliminate any overconfidence in decision-making and will provide a valuable â€Å"outsider† view. The issue of diversity is quite important in closed markets (e.g. Google). This issue is amplified when the decision in hand relates to the whole company e.g. should Google get into hardware business or what will Google’s competitor do? The market as a whole might be overconfident in these situations. Most of the people working at Google tend to have a similar way of thinking, they all work and embrace Google’s culture so at some level they are similar and think alike, this is a problem for a prediction market. c) Alignment of Incentives: Volume and diversity are certainly necessary conditions for proper functioning of markets. However, it’s the intent of participation that would dictate the success. All participants should act rationally and make the best risk-adjusted bets. In corporate settings, issues like team dynamics, chances of promotion, personal relationships etc can come in the way of rational bets. The incentives to participate should not interfere with the actual decision-making. Incentives can be aligned with monetary gains, reputation, accomplishments or other non-monetary rewards. And this alignment should be dictated by how a corporate is planning to use markets. Markets have to strike a balance between confidentiality and transparency. d) Transparency: Finally we think that is really important that the market is transparent and confidential. All of the members need to have the guarantee that their positions are not reveled unless they want to do so. For example if a market opens to determine if a project is going to meet a certain dead line and I think that it will not make it, but the project manager is a friend of mine then I need my position to remain confidential. Part II: How would you use prediction markets to make better decisions at Google? Make sure that you address the risks and challenges of replacing more conventional forecasting processes with prediction markets. Also, discuss how you would modify how prediction markets have been used so far. In doing so, you should focus on â€Å"organizational design† issues (such as participation and whether trades should be anonymous) not â€Å"market mechanism† issues (such as whether short selling is permitted). Note: This analysis should build on but not repeat what was written in Part I. Words: 807 In order to use prediction markets help better decision, Google (or any organization) has to take the following steps: a. Test and prove that markets lead to better decisions within the context of decisions that their managers make b. Facilitate the creation of efficient prediction markets with right incentives c. Educate the decision makers about markets and integrate markets with organization Google should follow a phased approach. Transition Phase: During this phase, Google should set up the markets, encourage participation and rigorously test if prediction markets lead to better decisions. There should be a control sample of managers who are not given access to prediction markets in any way and a test sample who are encouraged to refer to prediction markets (although the final decision would remain in the hands of the manager). The final decisions and the actual result should be tracked. How to cite Google Prediction Markets, Essay examples

Management Theory and Practice

Question: Write essay on management theory and practice. Answer: Introduction Ethics, leadership and decision-making are the three important pillars of any business that can set the reputation of any organisation as well as can increase the market (Raymond, 2014). These three characteristics are the most essential managerial perceptions that need to be observed properly to maintain the business in an appropriate manner. The ethics are the organisational principles that should be followed by every organisation to remain in a good term in the business while the leadership helps the organisations to lead in a right way. On the other hand, decision-making is the main process of any organisation to use the ethics, powers, moral imperatives etc. If these are not applied in any organisation then the company have to face many problems to keep their reputation the same. According to Campbell, (2014), it is noted that when an organisation has failed to incorporate any one of these three characteristics then the organisation has to face an ethical dilemma, which has ruin ed the reputation of the organisation very badly. Therefore, it can be said that the ethics, leadership and decision-making are the vital managerial responsibilities for business. The Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Japanese automobile manufacturer, has faced an ethical dilemma due to breaching the organisational norms. The company has faced a dilemma of manipulating fuel economy tests for 625,000 cars that was recognised by the Japan government and Nissan group when a huge number of cars have failed to deliver the promised fuel consumption (Coombs, W Holladay, 2013). This has created a bad reputation to the customers of the organisations and has shaken the trust to the company. Managerial theory helps the organisations to develop a proper plan and to implement appropriate business strategies to lead the organisation in right direction to attain the desired profitability (Mseitif, 2014). The company,which has mentioned in this study, has faced the ethical dilemma due to not following the principles and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) of the organisation that has failed to gain sustainability in the business. The organisation practices a diverse management system that is able to adapt the regular changes in the business but still the company has breached the norms of the ethical values and has failed into the controversy. Therefore, in the study the researcher is discussing about the ethical dilemma of Mitsubishi Motors Company and then has analysed the related theories and linked them with the company how it has used the leadership styles in their organisation. The ethical dilemma that the has faced in recent time was the controversy regarding the manipulation of the fuel economy data for the vehicles that they made (MIZUO, 2013). The company has continuously done the manipulation of the fuel economy data that was changed in the time of testing and then the false data were published for the cars. The company was doing this falsifying case for a long time and most of the cars from this company were failing to gain the customers trust and the other companies who were with them in the joint venture tie up. According to Zelenkova, (2013), the employees of Mitsubishi Motors has flattered the data of actual mileage rates during the test of fuel capacity and has presented the wrong data to the seller of the vehicles. This was completely an activity of breaching the customers with their false information about the products. They had used this trick to gain more profits and to increase their circle of business in the world with more joint ventures a ctivities with others. However, this was not the right thing to do for a company and therefore it was proven to lessen the shares of the company. As per the report, the falsifying of the fuel economic data by the company has affected almost 600,000 vehicles in Japan and the company has lost their 50% of shares. The Nissan Group, who were the joint partner of them, first noticed the issue of falsification of Mitsubishi Motors in manipulating data of the fuel tests. As opined by Heidl et al. (2014), the employees of the company was hiding the actual data of the fuel test and then the data that they were providing was a little higher than the true number. In the company, the fuel test is done in the process that was almost against the rules and laws of the Japan government. According to the law of the government, this was not the process of checking the fuel capacity of any vehicles or car (Caldararo, 2016). The company was checking the tyre pressure figures in the test of their own procedure where they can easily change the actual data of the test result. In later the president of the company has admitted that they have done the falsification deliberately to gain the high profit levels and with this false data, more than 600,000 cars were sold in the market of Japan. Among them almost 470,000 cars were for the Nissan Group that was faced problems and customers poor review. This has forced the Nissan Group to investigate the matter very minutely to find out the real problem regarding the vehicles that they can sort out their faults. In the time of investigation, they found the inconsistency in their vehicles mileage then they were able to understand the main problem that was continuously created by the Mitsubishi employees. Therefore, the controversy has lessen the rate of the companys share in the market of Japan and lost the reputation that they have acquired until then. The managerial ethics is the main foundation of every organisations ethics based on which all the activities of the companies are taken to implement the appropriate and actual rules and regulation for leading the company (Haskin, 2016). The ethical behaviours of any organisation are driven by the values and principles and it helps the organisations to develop their business policies and strategies for the future of the company. The ethics helps the organisational managerial to understand the right and wrong steps for the company as well as the good and bad things too. There are many ethical theories that help the management of the organisations to understand the ethical values and its importance in the workplaces to implement the business strategies and other policies to increase the business and to get the establishment in the market. Therefore, the researcher is discussing about two managerial ethics theories that can be used by Mitsubishi in their organisation to save their ethica l values in the time of giving service. According to Burke, (2016), is based on the concepts of the stakeholders point of view. The main emphasis of the theory is that any action should not take on considering only ones utility rather the theory refers to the managers to look beyond the self-interest and think about the profits of others too. As stated by Mayer et al. (2012), if the managerial of any organisation only thinks about a particular group of peoples benefit then it can harm the other people within the organisation. However, the organisation mainly affected by any action of the management then the consequences of that action has to be considered before taking the decision. It is argued by Zhang et al. (2013) who thinks that the theory is not focussing on any one perspective of the management. It is emphasising on the various approaches of an action rather focussing on the moral acts or ethical values and rules. The Utilitarianism theory of managerial is expressed in various ways. The theory can be interpreted in the way that there is no such morality or ethical rule that is said as appropriate. Therefore, the theory is mainly focussing on the actions of the management that they are taking the right or wrong steps in the organisation. In this case, the organisation has faced the ethical dilemma when they used the non-ethical decisions in their firm due to which the scandal has reached in the situation. If the management of the Mitsubishi Motor Corporation has applied this theory then they might have saved the situation to go this much worse. The management in the company has implemented the wrong strategies to gain the profit for the company by using the unethical decision. Apart from this, there is another ethical theory that can be helpful for the companies to set their ethical values and this will also help the management of the companies to know about their right decision making power. The theory is Justice based ethical theory that refers to the three main components upon which the managerial ethics are dependant. The three components are the equality, fairness and the impartiality. According to Schaubroeck et al. (2012), the first component of this theory is the equality, which refers to the equality of the management in taking any decision. In the time of taking any decision, the management have to be equal to all. Therefore, the management of any organisation has to take the decisions equally that it cannot create any controversy regarding the unequal decision that can be considered as unethical. Another component is referring the fairness of the management to the employees, which is the main basic of trust in an organisation. If the management always take every decision fairly and disclose all the information regarding any decision taken for the organisation to the employees then it will never be fail to gain the trust of the employees and will develop a good relationship between the employees and management. Apart from these two components, another one component is very important for any organisational management to increase their ethical business. The main base of the theory depends on a component that is impartiality (Hannah, Avolio Walumbwa, 2014). In any organisation if the management focus on the impartiality, then the organisational management will be automatically become ethical. In this case, the management of the Mitsubishi Company has not followed the three components of the theory. They did not follow the ethical value of equality and impartiality. In addition, they also ignored to become fair about their strategies that they have taken to gain more profit. They did it unethically and without following, any e thical values that can justify their action of falsifying the fuel test of the vehicles in Japan. The ethical values of the organizations have to be maintained by the management of the company otherwise the company will fall into the situations like the automobile company Mitsubishi Motor Corporation has fallen. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the management of every organisation to keep the ethical values and moral norms of the organisation to remain true to the customers as well as employees (Zelenkova, 2013). The managerial theory that is evaluated in the study above has mentioned the Utilitarianism theory of ethics and the Justice based ethical theory. These two are the theories that can describe the dos and donts for the management of an organisation to avoid the ethical dilemmas. As per the managerial theories every organisation has to abide by the rules and principles of the organisation that saves the organisational values and ethics. If there is no ethics of an organisation then their business cannot be trusted by the customers and the employees (Campbell, 2014). The main message of these two theories is the same that the companies have to maintain some features of managerial ethics such as the management have to be very clear to the employees and stakeholders to lead the business properly; they have to be conscious about the after effect of any action that they are taking on behalf of their business strategy; and in addition they have to be very conscious about their impartial actions and fairness to the stakeholders to gain the trust and dependence of their co-workers to lead the company towards high profit. This can be happened only with a good leadership approach that the automobile company of Japan, Mitsubishi Motor Corporation, lacked in. According to Caldararo, (2016), if the company has a good leadership approach and if the leader has acted with ethical values then the company has not to face this kind of ethical controversy. Therefore, it can be said that an ethical leaders can handle this kind of situations to stop running the company towards an ethical dilemma. The ethical leader or a moral leader can control these kinds of situation ethically without harming anyone while decision making. The Mitsubishi Motor Corporation lacks the ethical leader in their organisation to guide the employees from involving themselves in the ethical dilemma situation. As stated by Hannah, Avolio and Walumbwa, (2014), if the company has practiced a moral leadership approach then the employees cannot did this kind of falsifying activities with the stakeholders as well as the customers by manipulating the data only to increase their profit value. This has influenced the decision making procedure too that the leaders could not taken this type of unethical decision to attain the high profitability as it was strike them that the act was completely unethical (Jordan et al. 2013). Therefore, the management of the company should h ave been followed the ethical or moral leadership style to impalement the proper business strategies for the company ethically and to lead the employees and others as per the ethical norms of the organisation. Therefore, it can be said if the company has not implemented this unethical strategy in their company and has not hide the real data of fuel economy test then the vehicles had not faced this type of inconsistent service and has not received poor reviews from the customers. Moreover, the unethical way of the management has proved their lack in decision making power as well as their wrong leadership approach, which have to be revised to gain the previous reputation and trust of others to sustain in the market for a long time. According to Mayer et al., (2012), ethical leadership is related to directing the employees of the organization towards ethical standards so that they can maintain ethical belief in their work process. On the other hand, Jordan et al., (2013) opined that ethical leadership is highly concerned with protecting values and dignity of others from outside and inside of the organization. According to Schaubroeck et al., (2012) leaders can ensure that ethical decision has been met in the organization through keeping transparency in the decision and sharing it with all the stakeholders of the organization. On the other hand, Moore et al., (2014) opined that the leaders should establish ethical standard in the mind of the employees in such a way that they should not do any unethical activity in the work process that can hamper the trust of the customers. According to Kacmar et al., (2013), it has been found that the employees of Mitsubishi have falsified the tyre pressure of Nissan cars in term of mileage rates. On the other hand, Schaubroeck et al., (2012) opined that the employees had intentionally falsified the mileage information of the cars so that customers are highly motivated to buy the cars. This incident prominently shows the unethical behaviour of the employees. According to Mayer et al., (2012), in this case, the leaders were unable to take ethical decision and communicate it properly with the employees for keeping consistency in the organization. On the other hand, Kacmar et al., (2013) opined that the leaders of this organization has failed to show ethical behavior for influencing the employees and thus, ethical code of conduct has not been maintained thereby, became the joke due to inability of the leaders in living up their published code of conduct. According to Jordan et al., (2013), ethical leadership is beyond being a well person and it is related to make ethical standards in making decision about the organization. On the other hand, Moore et al., (2014) opined that in order to make ethical decision, the leaders of the organization should make ethics a consistent a clear part of the agenda of the organization. In case of decision-making, the leaders should set appropriate set of standards and model behavior so that every employees in the organization hold accountability towards their job role. When taking any major decision about the organization, the leaders should take the interest of the stakeholders and try to fulfill that interest with maintaining transparency with them. According to Kacmar et al., (2013), ethical leaders of the organization make an ethical culture within the organization so that the employees can perform according to the set ethical standards. On the other hand, Moore et al., (2014) opined that this kin d of culture help the employees in internalize the exact value of the organization and thereby, the employees do not perform any fraud activity in the organization that can make the customers disappointed. Apart from that, the ethical leaders also initiate high level of penalties and punishment in regards to the violation of the ethical standards by the employees a making any unethical decision in the organization. Conclusion In this study, the researcher has focused on the ethics, leadership and decision-making of the organisations and the importance of these three components in managing the ethical values of the organisations. It is found that the ethical values are very essential to keep in mind in the time of implementing new ideas and strategies for the company. Therefore, the management of the companies have to focus on the ethical value of the organisation while taking the decisions for the company. If the decisions will not be taken according to the managerial theoretical concepts then the management of the organisations have to face a huge ethical dilemma in business, which can damage their reputation in the market as well as ruin their loyalty to the customers and to their employees. The researcher has also discussed the ethical values and the importance of moralities in the organisations to maintain the goodwill of the company and it can be earned with good works and services. The study has dis closed that an appropriate leadership approach can avail this goodwill for the company. Therefore, it can be concluded that an organisation can lead their business activities without falling in any ethical dilemma with an appropriate leadership approach, which will be rich with moral leaders and good organisational management. Recommendations The case study of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation shows that the company has participated in unethical decision-making, which is influences by the leadership approach of the organization. According to Jordan et al., (2013), the leadership approach of an organization is solely responsible for monitoring the decision-making process performed by an organization. However, Kacmar et al., (2013) argued that it is not possible to monitor activities of every individual; employees. Therefore, the company should be transformational in terms of leadership approach. This leadership approach will help the organizations to maintain business sustainability. If managers of an organization put extra and unrealistic pressure on the employees, then the employee may adopt unethical activities for meeting the objectives (Heidl, Steensma Phelps, 2014). Therefore, it is highly important to be realistic while setting organizational goal. In this manner, the company would be able to maintain ethical business practices. Reference List Burke, R. J. (2016). The Healthy Organization: Reducing High-risk Individual Behavior and Organizational Toxicity.The Fulfilling Workplace: The Organization's Role in Achieving Individual and Organizational Health, 1. Caldararo, N. L. (2016). Ethics, Morals, Taxation, Stagnation, Bank Holidays, Financial Evolution and Central Bank Credit.Morals, Taxation, Stagnation, Bank Holidays, Financial Evolution and Central Bank Credit (May 17, 2016). Campbell, A. R. (2014).An examination of the factors influencing the decision to adopt alternative fuel vehicles(Doctoral dissertation, Amy Campbell). Coombs, W. T., Holladay, S. J. (2013).It's not just PR: Public relations in society. John Wiley Sons. Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O. (2014). Addendum to Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors.Business Ethics Quarterly,24(02), 277-279. Haskin, J. M. (2016).When All Roads Lead to the Standoff: How Corporate Governance Fuels White Supremacy. Algora Publishing. Heidl, R. A., Steensma, H. K., Phelps, C. (2014). Divisive faultlines and the unplanned dissolutions of multipartner alliances.Organization Science,25(5), 1351-1371. Jordan, J., Brown, M. E., Trevio, L. K., Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to executivefollower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership.Journal of Management,39(3), 660-683. Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Harris, K. J., Tepper, B. J. (2013). Ethical leadership and subordinate outcomes: The mediating role of organizational politics and the moderating role of political skill.Journal of Business Ethics,115(1), 33-44. Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership.Academy of Management Journal,55(1), 151-171. Mayer, D.M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R.L. and Kuenzi, M., (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership.Academy of Management Journal,55(1), pp.151-171. MIZUO, J. (2013). Changes in Business Ethics during Lost Two Decades and Prospects for the Future in Japan: From a View Point of Business Ethics, Compliance, Corporate Governance, and Global CSR.Moore, C., Mayer, D. M., Chiang, F. F., Crossley, C. D., Karlesky, M. J., Birtch, T. A. (2014). Leaders Matter Morally: The Role of Ethical Leadership in Shaping Employee Moral Cognition and Misconduct.Available at SSRN 2574219. Mseitif, J. L. (2014).Boeing's Behavior in a Liberalized Marketplace: The 787 Dreamliner Project and Impact on Puget Sound Workers(Doctoral dissertation). Raymond, A. (2014). The Dilemma of Private Justice Systems: Big Data Sources, the Cloud and Predictive Analytics.Northwestern Journal of International Law Business, Forthcoming. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Zelenkova, N. (2013).What are the Motives for Owning an Electrical Car for an Individual in Oslo?(Doctoral dissertation, University of Oslo). Zhang, X., Walumbwa, F. O., Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X. G. (2013). RETRACTED: Ethical leadership, employee citizenship and work withdrawal behaviors: Examining mediating and moderating processes.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 284-297.

Publix Case free essay sample

This list of items changes from region to region and even from store to store. The items on the theft-prone list are locked up for safe keeping. It is essential that Publix continue to take the necessary actions to prevent the likelihood of theft. While a company cannot prevent all attempts of theft, it can certainly do its due diligence to ensure that the number of cases of theft is minimized. Additionally, Publix employees play a major role in reducing the amount of legal costs the company incurs. All employees are expected to work to ensure store safety on a consistent basis. By being proactive with these types of training programs and locking away commonly stolen merchandise, Publix is lessening the amount of time and money it spends on legal issues. Economic Factors With the recent downturn in the economy, many customers are now looking for the lowest price retailer to purchase from. We will write a custom essay sample on Publix Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Publix has built its brand based mostly on the quality of products and the shopping experience, not the lowest price. Retailers that consumers generally equate to low prices include Wal-Mart and bulk buying retailers like Costco and Sams Club. With that in mind, in times like these, Publix seems to be at a major disadvantage. Publix understands that there is strong competition in the supermarket industry(Weinstein, pg 272). Publix, like many other grocery chains, is having a difficult time competing with low cost supercenters. Even in a recession, the average American consumer is still spending a large portion of their income on food. Although U. S. food spending is on the rise, supermarkets are not capturing their fair share (Weinstein, pg 274). Consequently, Publix has to now change the consumer focus on price to one of value. Publixs goal is to make every customer feel personally valued in such a way that they see themselves as one in a million(Weinstein, pg 269). If Publix is able to continue to differentiate its products value for the consumer, it may be able to convert the supercenter shopper into a loyal customer. Social/ Cultural Factors At Publix, everything revolves around pleasing the customer, which is why it has enjoyed much of the success it has had since the 1930s(Weinstein, pg 269). Superior customer value and quality of products are cornerstones in the Publix culture. Publix depends on the fact that a more educated consumer is willing to pay a slightly higher price for great service. The average Publix customer is well-educated and lives within a 5 mile radius of the store in which they shop. Publix understands that it is far easier to maintain a current customer than to attract a new one. Thus, Publix associates are [also] encouraged to use their daily observations, customer feedback, survey evaluation, and other data to improve their jobs, better serve their customers, and make Publix a better place where shopping is a pleasure'(Weinstein, pg 280). Technological Factors An industry study revealed that by 2007, about 20 million households in the United States will purchase groceries, food, and other household items online†¦However, to date, none of the major grocery chains have mastered the online arena(Weinstein, pg 281). Publix is working towards how to profitably master implementing the technological processes that its customer is demanding. In an attempt to enter the online grocery market, Publix launched PublixDirect in 2001. This service came to an end in 2003 despite all the proper planning that went into its conception. It is imperative that Publix finds a way to control its costs in an effort to compete with the few successful online grocers that currently dominate the market.

Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson Essays - The Lesson, Toni Cade Bambara

Toni Cade Bambara's The Lesson Essay on The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Toni Cade Bambara's The Lesson is a very well written piece of history. This is a story from yesterday, when Harlem children didn't have good education or the money to spring for it. Bambara's tale tells about a little girl who doesn't really know how to take it when a good teacher finally does come along. This girl's whole life is within the poverty stricken area and she doesn't see why she must try hard. The teacher, Miss Moore, shows them what it is all about by taking them to a rich toy store, one in which a single toy costs more than year's supply of food. We immediately learn that Miss Moore is not the average Harlem teacher. She is educated herself, along with being very opinionated. The children explain that she has nappy hair and no makeup, probably signifying that she was a part of the African American movement. Miss Moore was more than arithmetic and spelling. She attempted to teach the children about life and politics as well. In a way the children were innocent before Mi ss Moore came along. They thought that everyone else old, stupid, young, or foolish- while the children were perfect. Miss Moore showed them what they truly were- and why education was so important. The first thing learned is that poverty is a way of life for these children. Although they know they are poor, it doesn't bother them because everyone there is poor. It's okay to be without when there isn't any competition. An example of this is seen when the children talk of their study areas at home. Only one of them actually have a desk and paper, and the others think nothing of it. Instead they tell her to shut up about it. The children are proud of themselves and of their life. Miss Moore finally leads the kids to the toy store. The are immediately dazzled by the toys in the windows; even declaring which ones they were gonna buy. The children seemed to know they couldn't afford the toys, but they didn't think they would be off by much. The once brave and proud and strong children we re hobbled at the door, none of which wanting to go in first. Here is the point where they get slapped in the face. Here is where they first see that they do not belong here. Eventually one of them pushes through the crowd and throws herself into the gallery of toys. They go around gazing at the different objects. Miss Moore drives the point home by leading them to the fact that one toy costs as much as their family eats in a year. In the end they feel like fighting for more than they have. One thing that pulls the reader deeply into the story is the narration. It is told through the eye's of a little Harlem girl. She thinks she is tough and mean but the reader sees she is not by reading between the lines. The best part of the narration is the voice. The lines that are read are in the dialect of the girl. This gives the voice a poetic rhythm that keeps the story flowing. With out slang the story would lose a lot of it's heart. Theater Essays

Water and air pollution

Water and air pollution AIR AND WATER POLLUTION RESREACH ESSAYIf there are two things that are essential to humans and other living creatures, its clean water and air, butwith pollution of these natural resources on the rise it's become increasingly important to find ways to cutdown on man-made pollutants in the environment. Find out more about air and water pollution.What is Air Pollution? Air pollution is actually the addition of any harmful substances to the atmosphere,which causes the damaging of the environment, human health and the quality of life. With thedevelopment in industry, came along the increase in air pollution, which occurs inside homes, schools,offices even in the countryside. Consequently there has been an increase in the death rates resultingfrom various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollutiondoes not only affect people but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animalsare harmed as well.Air pollution has reac hed such a critical stage where it affects the earth's atmosphereas it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming abetter insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise intemperature which scientists refer to as " global warming".It keeps us alive but at the same time, it can also be harmful. We breathe air everyday. Air provides uswith oxygen that is essential for living. Nitrogen, water vapor, and inert gases comprise air along withoxygen. Emission of substances that contaminate air results to pollution. Air pollution is both natural andhuman-based. Natural air pollution is caused by phenomenon such as volcanic eruption, wind erosion,decomposition and radioactive materials. Volcanic eruptions send sulfur dioxide, tons of...

Breast feeding is better than the bottle Research Paper

Breast feeding is better than the bottle - Research Paper Example According to Sears (2003), breast-feed can be said to be better than bottle feed. Sudden infant death syndrome is a disease that is more preventable if the baby is given a proper breast feeding because of the proper proportions of nutrients in the milk of the mother (Small, 2004). Some of the babies who are given bottle feeding at an early age in their childhood are prone to diseases. Their mind may lack proper iron that comes from breast milk. More broadly, breast milk contains chemicals that fight infections and gives the child a strong immune system. Some parents are advised to give breast feeding as it is a better way of ensuring you lose body weight (Rathus, 2013). Therefore, breast-feeding has been recommended as it is the source giving a child body prevention against diseases, infections and diseases that make attack the baby at old age. Most of the medical institutions do advice expectant to ensure they exercise breastfeeding for their children. For the first few months after giving birth, they need to give breast feeding as it is very essential. According to Douglas (2006), the breast-feed milk contains all the necessary food for the baby. After like a year, then parents can give the child bottle feeding but is not as healthy as the breast milk. Therefore, it is clear that breast milk is the best feeding for a baby as it contains all the necessary nutrients, and it is not

Post Washington Consensus Consensus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Post Washington Consensus Consensus - Essay Example primary health care, primary education, and infrastructure ;tax reform (to lower marginal rates and broaden the tax base);Interest rate liberalization ;a competitive exchange rate ;trade liberalization ;liberalization of inflows of foreign direct investment ;privatization ;deregulation (to abolish barriers to entry and exit) and secure property rights. This privatization agenda in pursuit of globalization has come under criticism as (1) says," Some of the most vociferous of today's critics of what they call the Washington Consensus, most prominently Joe Stiglitz... do not object so much to the agenda laid out above as to the neoliberalism that they interpret the term as implying. I of course never intended my term to imply policies like capital account liberalization...monetarism, supply-side economics, or a minimal state (getting the state out of welfare provision and income redistribution), which I think of as the quintessentially neoliberal ideas". In development literature it is examined and accepted that The Washington consensus emerged out of a kind of counter reaction in development economics (3) to what has been termed as rather operationally successful neoliberal revolution against Keynesianism prescriptions of the 1970s.The Washington Consensus, materialized in large and specially built Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) suggested for a substantial portion of the developing countries in the ensuing years of 1980s and 1990s.It was the outcomes of these SAPs that were not along expected lines and which resulted in external criticism of The Washington Consensus itself. Joseph Stiglitz a World Bank Economist was the most prominent insider to offer criticism of the neoliberalism inherent in The Washington Consensus and the body of criticism is now termed as post Washington consensus consensus (4) in the sense that it agrees on drawbacks and weak points of the consensus. This paper examines the critical body of arguments posed in this new consensus. 2.Post Washington Consensus Consensus (5) exemplify in detail the various outcomes of the SAPs, based on The Washington Consensus, which not fell short of mark in their prime objective of achieving economic growth through market deregulation but also created other weak spots.Amin states that SAPs resulted in ," a sharp increase in unemployment, a fall in the remuneration of work, an increase in food dependency, a grave deterioration of the environment, a deterioration in healthcare systems, a fall in admissions to educational institutions, a decline in the productive capacity of many nations, the sabotage of democratic systems, and the continued growth of external debt. "This made Stiglitz look out for an intellectual alternative t economic growth model. An alternative which was not based on sole emphasis on deregulations of all categories of markets to attain economic growth targets. Stiglitz writes about 'a new paradigm for economic development' (6).This idea of anew consensus arrived from Stiglitz when global development financial institutions had undergone a major policy shift after having witnessed the Asian crisis and analyzed its reasons that were traced to deregulated

Analysis of Internal Service Quality

Analysis of Internal Service Quality Internal Service Quality is a visible expression of an organizations culture and it can be thought of as the quality of work life. It is about the workplace design, job design, employee selection and development, employee rewards and recognition and tools for serving customers. Service Quality: Services are intangibles and it is more difficult to measure it physically as compared to the products. Service quality is delivery of superior services to their customers according to their desires and expectations. (Zeithaml V.A and M.J.Bitner, 1996) In todays fast-paced and increasingly competitive market, the bottom line of an organisations strategies and tactics is to make profits and contribute to the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction, quality and retention are global issues that affect all organisations. Many companies are interested in studying, evaluating and implementing strategies that aim at improving both internal and external customer retention. Internal Service Quality in Mauritius is starting to emerge in the fast expanding economy in order to add a competitive edge to both our public and private sector. In the tourism sector, hotels are starting to apply Internal Service Quality. In this competitive environment, organisations believe that they have to maintain the quality of products to sustain, survive, leading the market and achieving the competitive advantage which depends on organisational valuable assets, that is, employees. The quality of the services or products can be judged by its customers perceptions and expectations about that services or products (Parasuraman et al.1991). External customer loyalty and satisfaction strongly depends on internal customers. Employees satisfaction is directly related to superior services. The strong relationship between an organisation and an employee leads to a real improvement in the services provided to customers (Scheinder and Bowen, 1995) 1.1 Background of Tourism Sector in Mauritius The hotel sector, being an important pillar in the Mauritian economy has to provide first class service to their clients in order to maintain level of competition with other reputed touristic venues across the world. Since 2005, the tourism sector has averaged a growth of approximately 5 % (www.gov.mu) from arrival of tourist in Mauritius. This growth is encouraging but at the other end other sectors, such as the textile or sugar industry sector has gone on decline following open trade treaty in 2005. As a result of that, our economy is dependent on the Tourism Sector and in order to attract more tourists to Mauritius, the Internal Service Quality must be enhanced to improve our service to clients in hotels. Legends Hotel provides Internal Service Quality since year 2002. Internal service quality forms part of the Human Resource strategies to attract and retain both internal and external customers. One among many strategic examples at Legends Hotel, employees are empowered with more training and development programs so that they can better handle customers queries. 1.2 Problem Definition At Legends, Internal Service Quality has been more or less beneficial to the company as a whole. However, some key areas within the business still need consideration. First and foremost, communications within different departments and teamwork among employees are not that effective. There are always complaints about employees not cooperating while performing their job or information is not well communicated. Effective communication within a business is considered as a vital tool in the day to day management of an organisation and improper communication can lead to decline in the performance both in terms of customer satisfaction and in managerial perspective as a whole. Moreover, remuneration is another important factor that affects the performance of employees. The latter consider that they could get better remuneration for similar work performed elsewhere. Hence attitude and behaviour towards providing dedicated service to clients and the organisation are somewhat affected. And since a fierce competition exists among hotels in Mauritius, it is very important for management to provide good internal service quality for survival of the organisation as it has a direct impact on profitability and customer loyalty. 1.3 Aims and Objectives: The effectiveness of Human Resources Practises in delivering Internal Service Quality. The effectiveness of the SERVQUAL Model using Internal Service Quality battery. To provide an insight into the process of improving Internal Service Quality. 1.4 Outline of Chapters Chapter 1: Introduction It provides a general outline of the project, with the different sections included and the objectives of the study. Chapter 2: Legends Hotel This chapter consists of a brief overview of the company and the structure of the organization. Chapter 3: Literature Review This chapter consists of the different theories used in the dissertation together with background study of the subject. Chapter 4: Methodology and Research This chapter includes the hypothesis of the study as well as sampling and questionnaire design utilized during the project survey. Chapter 5: Results and Analysis This chapter comprises of the analysis of data obtained during the questionnaire survey followed by discussion on the results obtain. Again, appropriate statistical tools, such as the SPSS technique was used for the analysis of results. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations It deals with the conclusion of the main findings and based on them, it puts forward some recommendations in order to have an effective Internal Service Quality. 2.0 legends hotel 2.1 Company Overview Legends Hotel, set up in 2002, is a 5 star hotel located at Grand Gaube and it consists of 198 rooms. It forms part of the Naiade Group which owns hotels like Le Tropical, Les Pavillons, Beau Rivage, Merville Beach, Ile des Deux Cocos, Tamassa, Hotel Le Recif (Reunion Island), Grand Hotel du Lagon (Reunion Island) and Dive in Maldives. The five core values at Naiade are Guests, People, Leadership, Responsibility and Excellence. Guests are to be put at the forefront of everything, People are the employees who are provided with opportunities to grow within the business, Leadership is about fast management reaction to secure maximum advantage of changes, Responsibilities to recognize and honour investments of shareholders and Excellence is about building competitive edge on superior innovation and customer responsiveness. Naiades vision is to be an international hotel group offering wide range of product in all market segments of leisure in the hospitality industry. It wants to be recognized as the business community leader, continuously improving share holder value and welfare of staff whilst fulfilling corporate social responsibility. The purpose of Legends is to help people enjoy good times together, to celebrate life. The five beliefs at Legends are consideration for people, serving with passion, insistence on integrity, responsibility of leadership and entertaining with creativity. If we quote the Mission Statement of Legends Hotel, it can be seen that they view customer satisfaction in different perspective. Mission Statement: we are unforgettable, passionate team committed to provide outstanding personalised service through our unique concept of fengshui, the art of living in harmony Employees are provided with several benefits such as pension plan, medical cover, naiade home loan scheme, discretionary bonus, hotel stays at preferential rates, Naiade fun day, kids and team member party and star team member of the month and year. 2.2 Organisation Structure Legends Hotel is administered by a General Manager and a Resident Manager, who are responsible for the day to day management of the affairs of the organisation. Legends Hotel is structured with several departments, each headed by a Head of Department. These departments are then sub-divided into a number of divisions which are each under the direct responsibility of a Supervisor. The different departments as well as the divisions are illustrated hereunder. For ease of understanding each department constituting the hotel has been illustrated in the diagram. As far as Internal Service quality is concerned, it is directly related to the Human Resource Department which is constituted of the HR Manager, the Personnel Manager, Assistant HR Manager and HR coordinator in the frontline of this department. The table below shows the number of staffs per department at The Legends Hotel. Table 2.1: No. of Employees at Legends Hotel S/No Department No. of Employees (Population) 1 Human Resource 5 2 Kitchen 77 3 Spa 15 4 Entertainment 18 5 Food Restaurant 125 6 Front Office 20 7 Security 30 8 Finance 15 9 Housekeeping 118 10 Quality and Events 2 11 Maintenance 25 Source: Human Resource Management Department, Legends Hotel Figure 2.1: Structure of Functional Organization Chart Assistant HR Manager NAIADE BOARD OF DIRECTORS LEGENDS GENERAL MANAGER LEGENDS RESIDENTMANAGER HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT- Linen Laundry and Floor Valet Front Office Department reception, guest relation officer quality and events department food and beverages department- Restaurant, room service, bar Beach Entertainment department Kitchen department pastry, main kitchen, stewarding spa department maintenance department security department finance department Human Resource department HR MANAGER HR Coordinator Personnel Manager Source: Human Resource Management Department, Legends Hotel 3.0 Literature review 3.1 What is Internal Service Quality? Quality is defined in ISO 9000:2000 as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. Degree means that quality can be used with adjectives such as poor, good and excellent. Inherent is defined as existing in something, especially permanent characteristics. Characteristics can be quantitative or qualitative. Requirement is a need or expectation that is stated; generally implied by the organisation, its customers both internal and external and other interested parties. Internal service quality is measured by the feelings that employees have towards their jobs, colleagues and companies. It points to the ability and authority of service workers to achieve results for customers. Internal quality is also characterised by the attitudes that people serve each other inside the organisation (David, 1988) According to Grà ¶nroos (1988), service quality is commonly defined as a discrepancy between the service quality that is delivered by the organization and the service performance that employees expect. Conceptually, service quality is defined as global judgment or attitude relating to the overall excellence or superiority of the service (Parasuraman et al., 1988). 3.2 Importance of Internal Service Quality Delivering quality service is considered to be an important strategy for success in todays competitive environment. Since the 90s many service companies have pursued to enhance their performance and effectiveness in search of achieving differentiation in the market. An example of that is the attempt to convince customers that their quality is superior to the competitors. In addition, the importance of service sector has sharply increased in both developed and developing countries. The Service Profit Chain establishes relationships between profitability, customer loyalty and employee satisfaction, loyalty and productivity. Profit and growth are stimulated primarily by customer loyalty. Loyalty is a direct result of customer satisfaction. Satisfaction is largely influenced by the value of services provided to customers. Value is created by satisfied, loyal and productive employees. Employee satisfaction results primarily from high quality support services and policies that enable employees to deliver results to customers. This is demonstrated in the diagram below. Figure 3.1: The Links in the Service-Profit Chain Source: Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work (James L. Heskett et al., 1994) Employee Satisfaction is the individual employees general attitude towards the job. It is also an employees cognitive and affective evaluation of his or her job. It is an important factor in determining service quality (Zeithaml et al., 1990). Satisfied employees are more committed to continuous improvement and quality, thus they are also more committed to delivering quality service. Employee Retention involves taking measures to encourage employees to remain in the organization for the maximum period of time. Employee loyalty is synonymous with achieving a balance that brings feelings of connection along with a commitment to produce. Ultimately, loyal employees can bring some big benefits. Economists define employee productivity as the output per worker or output per hour. With the increase in part-time employment and temporary and contract workers, many businesses use hours worked rather than output per worker to measure productivity. External Service Value- Value is a function not only of costs to the customer but also of the results achieved for the customer. It is based both on perceptions of the way a service is delivered and on initial customer expectation. Customer Satisfaction is the degree to which customer expectations of a product or service are met or exceeded. Corporate and individual customers may have widely differing reasons for purchasing a product or service and therefore any measurement of satisfaction will need to be able to take into account such differences (Pugh et al, 2002) Customer Loyalty is used to describe the behaviour of repeat customers, as well as those that offer good ratings, reviews, or testimonials. Some customers do a particular company a great service by offering favourable word of mouth publicity regarding a product, telling friends and family, thus adding them to the number of loyal customers (Gursoy and Swanger, 2007) 3.3 Internal Service Quality in Tourism Sector In tourism sector, delivering quality across tangibles and intangibles elements represented a departure from conventional manufacturing oriented approaches to Total Quality Management At the heart of Quality Service is the difficulty in ensuring consistency due to the variability of human element. Lewis (2000) argues that As the 21st century unfolds, it is clear that people accept that service will play an increasingly important part in the economy. Customer perception of service delivery will be imperative and will shape the choice of service provider (Norma Dannunzio-Green et al., 2005) In the age of service competition, the customer comes first. Such is the power of customers that the term service management is increasingly used to emphasised management imperatives in this age of service competition and market forces. Managing quality is an integral part of service management and internal development of personnel and reinforcement of its commitment to competitive goals and strategies are strategic prerequisites for success. Does quality pay? This is one of the key contemporary issues that attract attention from practitioners. The role of quality in the overall performance of service business starts right from strategic level down to the implementation details. Improved service quality and customer satisfaction lead to higher productivity, increased loyalty, lower transaction cost and customer retention. It is popularly believed that better service leads to improved performance for a service firm. Today service organizations are concerned in the delivery of quality service and the building of loyalty among employees and customers. If employees are not happy with the work, they are more readily to quit their jobs than satisfied employees. Researchers have found that satisfied employees are more likely to improve their job performance (Judge et al., 2001), be creative and cooperate with others because satisfaction is the inner force that drives employee behaviour. Previous studies have suggested that loyal employees are more willing and capable of delivering a higher level of service quality. According to Schneider and Bowen (1985; 1993) the efforts to promote service quality must be based on managing employee behaviours and training them in interpersonal skills in order to exhibit a true customer focus. Bitner et al. (1990) observed that in service encounters, employee behaviour will impact on the customer perceptions of service quality. Zeithaml et al. (1990) argue that employ ees who are not suited to their jobs will not be able to deliver quality service (Ramseook, P. et al., 2010) 3.4 Measuring Internal Service Quality Measuring the quality of internal services is relevant since an external-customer support requires internal systems aligned with external customer expectations, including each internal subsystems adding value to others systems within the organization (Gilbert, 2000). Since years ago, researchers (Reynoso and Moores, 1995; Caruana and Pitt, 1997) have pointed out that there is a positive correlation between internal service quality, business performance and services delivered to customers, motivating some efforts to measure internal service quality by applying the SERVQUAL instrument. (Miguel Cauchick et al., 2006) SERVQUAL is the most widely utilized tool for measuring service quality (Parasuraman et al., 1988; 1994; Sureshchandar et al., 2001; Chiu, 2002) and its application continues to increase in different service setting such as banks, hospitality industry, health sector, education and travel and tourism. The five dimensions of SERVQUAL are as follows: Tangibles (physical facilities, equipment, and appearance of personnel) Reliability (ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately) Responsiveness (willingness to help customers and provide prompt service) Assurance (knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence) Empathy (caring, individualized attention the firm provides its customers). The present investigation can also be considered an attempt to use it for measuring internal-service quality, which is the service provided by Legends Hotel. 3.5 HR Implications on Internal Service Quality Human Resource Management can be essentially seen as an employee centred approach to management, although there is lots of definition of the term. Its an essential part of every managers responsibilities, but many organizations find it advantageous to establish a specialist division to provide an expert service dedicated to ensuring that the human resource function is performed efficiently. To the modern management theory, the employee satisfaction is considered one of the most important drivers of quality, customer satisfaction and productivity. Success of any organization depends on its valuable human resource. Achieving service quality through valuable human resource strongly depends upon the organizational culture and working environment. To deal with the attitude and behaviour of the human resource, HRM best practices and quality principles play an important role to motivate, train, develop, retain and satisfy their valuable human resource. When the internal customers are not satisfied with the practices of the management, they not only are unlikely to continue their service but also to share their unfavourable service experiences to others resulting in decreased motivations and financial performance of organization. Globalization has augmented competitive pressures to help improve the quality of services provided by the tourism sector. There is the need to enforce compliance with internal services quality regarding human resource management as many researchers are of the view that the whole development in the organization is due to the potential human resource, it is therefore call of the time to the employee in the centre of development of all process to enhance the sense of ownership and hidden assets for the effective employee job satisfaction. Berry (1994) found that a several beneficial organizations competed by hiring, rewarding, training and retraining a frequent error that organization made was to look at human resources skills and knowledge development as an experience which they had acquired during their working with the organization rather than a continuing process. He further added that, even if employees received training, it was either deficient, not on time, or not the actual type of training they needed or rather it was in general not specific.(Khan,2010) It was found that that human resource management practices as actual, tangible practices were designed to develop commitment. Along with a variety of human resource management practices, it had been found that rewards and recognition had a greater influence on the organizational commitment found relationships between specific practices, such as performance evaluation, promotion policies, compensation, and benefits, and affective commitment. (Ogilvie, 1986) Moreover employee satisfaction was considered to be one of the most important drivers of quality of services, customer satisfaction and productivity. In his study he investigated an important driver of employee satisfaction. He argued that interpersonal trust (trust in management and trust in peers) robustly influenced employee satisfaction and, employee loyalty as an end result (Matzler et al., 2004) Also, associations between employees commitment to their organizations and satisfaction and argued that still there seemed little conformity about the fundamental associations between these two significant employee attitudes. Understanding these approaches was important because they had significant consequences on business performance, and these approaches could be influenced by human resource strategies and practices (Rayton, 2006) The modern management must also focus these factors which were very important to enhance the profitability in the new paradigm of service that organization not only invested in employees to enrich their knowledge skill abilities through extensive training programs but also to provide them with required technological support to manage the customers. They must reconsider their recruitment process, training methodologies and implementation of fair system of pay for performance, conducive environment and job definition. Recruitment Selection The goal of recruiting is to generate a large pool of applicants and to provide enough information for individuals to self select out the process. The Selection process on the other side follows a standard and systematic pattern beginning with an initial screening interview and concluding with the final employment decision. The recruitment and selection process demands lots of interpersonal skills and management must be very careful while selecting the right candidate for the job (Decenzo and Robbins, 2005) Training and Development It forms an important part of an organization overall HRM strategy. It implies transition in skills, knowledge, attitudes and social behavior. (Cascio, 1982).Organisations are investing to train their workforce and develop it for future so that they can perform their job efficiently and effectively and therefore it is expected that training has a positive impact on both employees motivation and commitment. Reward and Recognitions Employees reward and recognition includes focusing on employees input and peer recognition by using multiple layer methods within a system to recognize individuals and teams in accordance with the established practices and the rewards must be on the basis of their performance even tangible rewards along with an intensive communications strategy with accepted and integrated accountability systems (Khan, 2010) Job Design It has a significant and positive effect on client satisfaction which, in turn, significantly affected organizational performance and it leaded the organizations goals accomplishment which employed new service standards and customer systems. It can be said that job designs could provide high levels of control on employee also offered augmented chances for the growth and implementations of employees skills. Hackman Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, consisting of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback (Hackman and Oldham, 1976) Job Definition The job definition is basically arrangement or rearrangement of work with the motive to facilitate their employees and overcoming job frustration and enable them to be more productive, comforter while discharging their duties. It can be argued that defining the job of the employee helped the manger as well as the employee in decision making. The manger could get help regarding the decision whether the employee is the right person for promotion (Khan, 2010) 4.0 Methodology 4.1 Materials and Methods The purpose of this chapter is to outline the research methodology and processes undertaken to collect information for the report. A research is an organised inquiry which seeks to find explanations and to clarify doubtful facts so as to reach a conclusion. There must be ways of producing and analysing data so that the theories can be tested, accepted or rejected. (Clover and Balsley, 1979) defines research as the process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions by the use of scientific method of gathering and interpreting information. 4.2 Purpose and Design of Survey A survey is a fact finding study. It is a method of research involving collection of data directly from a population or a sample thereof at particular time. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out to assess the status of Internal Service Quality on a sample of workers of different departments at Legends Hotel. The prime aim of the survey was to assess the following: The effectiveness of Human Resources Practises in delivering Internal Service Quality. To measure employees expectations and perceptions of service quality based on SERVQUAL model. To examine service quality dimensions in predicting satisfaction and loyalty among employees at Legends Hotel. To assess on the above, the design of the survey was very important. The survey design depends on the subject of the survey, the amount of time and the accuracy required. In effect, all depends on the proper design of the questionnaire in order to gather the appropriate information in a reasonable time frame. 4.3 Questionnaire Design A survey is a fact finding study. It is a method of research involving collection of data directly from a population or a sample thereof at particular time. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out to assess the status of Internal Service Quality on a sample of workers of different departments at Legends Hotel. The prime aim of the survey was to assess the following: The effectiveness of Human Resources Practises in delivering Internal Service Quality. To measure employees expectations and perceptions of service quality based on SERVQUAL model. To examine service quality dimensions in predicting satisfaction and loyalty among employees at Legends Hotel. To assess on the above, the design of the survey was very important. The survey design depends on the subject of the survey, the amount of time and the accuracy required. In effect, all depends on the proper design of the questionnaire in order to gather the appropriate information in a reasonable time frame. 4.4 Pre Testing However, before proceeding with the survey, it was important to undertake a pilot survey so as to test the efficiency of the questionnaire. Firstly, the questionnaire was circulated among five staffs of different grades and with varied academic background such as valet de chambre, security officer, chef de cuisine, assistant finance officer and front office manager. Since a face to face interview technique was used mainly for staff of lower grade, the concept of the questionnaire was clearly understood and all were able to make sense of the questions 4.5 Sampling Technique Used To conduct the survey, the target population was divided into eleven categories encompassing the different departments existing at Legends Hotel as more fully illustrated in Chapter 2. As the target population was quite large, a sample had to be used. The sampling size was determined using the stratified sampling technique. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each sub-group of a population. It was required that the proportion of each stratum in the sample is the same as the population. At first a sample size of 100 questionnaires were distributed among the employees of the hotel. But during administration of the survey, employees were unfortunately reluctant to complete the questionnaire. The murder of an Irish tourist on the hotel premises in January 2011 gave rise to substantial trauma at different levels. As a result of that, employees had access to counselling, but still, there is still some sign of disturbance amongst them. Of the 100 questionnaire distributed, only 50 was collected which was fully answered following face to face interview with the employees. Due to time constraint, it was decided that the sample size of 50 was a good representative of the population size of 450 employees. Table 4.2: Sampling of Employees at Legends Hotel S/No. Department No. of Employees (Population) No. of Employees (Sample for 100 Employees) No. of Employees (Sample for 50 Employees) 1 Human Resource 5 1 1 2 Kitchen 77 17 8 3 Spa 15 3 1 4 Entertainment 18 4 2 5 Food Restaurant 125 28 14 6 Front Office 20 4 2 7 Security 30 7 3 8 Finance 15 3 2 9 Housekeeping 118 26 13 10 Quality and Events 2 1 1 11 Maintenance 25 6 3 Source: Computed Expected Results The study will reveal the present status of Internal Serv